Introduction to Wearable Technology
Wearable technology refers to electronic devices worn on the body, integrated into clothing, accessories, or skin, to monitor, assist, or enhance human capabilities. These devices often connect to the internet or other devices for data collection, feedback, or specific functions.
- Examples: Smartwatches (e.g., Apple Watch), fitness trackers (e.g., Fitbit), smart glasses, and medical wearables like continuous glucose monitors.
- Purpose: Improve health, fitness, productivity, or accessibility through real-time data and functionality.
Why It Matters: Wearable tech is transforming industries like healthcare, fitness, manufacturing, and entertainment by making technology more personal and integrated into daily life.
What Are Exoskeletons?
Exoskeletons are a specialized type of wearable technology designed to augment or support human movement. They include passive (non-powered) systems and powered wearable robotic systems that fit over the body, using motors, hydraulics, or other mechanisms to enhance strength, endurance, or mobility.
- Types:
- Powered Exoskeletons: Use motors or actuators to assist movement (e.g., for rehabilitation or industrial tasks).
- Passive Exoskeletons: Rely on mechanical structures without power to support posture or reduce strain (e.g., for workers lifting heavy loads).
Applications:
- Medical/Rehabilitation: Help individuals with mobility impairments (e.g., stroke or spinal cord injuries) walk or regain movement. Example: ReWalk exoskeleton.
- Occupational: Reduce physical strain for workers in construction, manufacturing, or logistics. Example: EksoVest for upper-body support.
- Military: Envisioned to enhance soldier readiness, lethality, and logistics through augmentation of strength, speed, and endurance. Efforts are still in the research and testing phase.
- Consumer: Emerging for recreational use, like enhancing hiking or running.
How Wearable Tech and Exoskeletons Work
Core Components:
- Sensors: Detect movement, heart rate, or other biometric data.
- Actuators/Motors (for exoskeletons): Provide mechanical assistance for movement.
- Software/AI: Processes data and adjusts device performance in real-time.
- Power Source: Batteries or other compact energy systems.
Example Workflow (Exoskeleton):
- A medical exoskeleton detects a user’s intended movement via sensors, then activates motors to assist leg motion, enabling walking.
- An occupational exoskeleton redistributes weight to reduce strain on the back or shoulders during heavy lifting.
Benefits of Wearable Technology and Exoskeletons
- Health and Wellness: Track fitness, monitor chronic conditions, or aid recovery.
- Accessibility: Restore mobility for people with disabilities.
- Productivity: Increase efficiency and reduce injury in workplaces.
- Innovation: Push the boundaries of human capability in extreme environments (e.g., space exploration).
Real-World Impact: Exoskeletons Boost Efficiency and Reduce Fatigue in Malaysian Automotive Assembly Lines.
Gan, W. Y., et al. “Industrial Practitioners’ Perceptions of Exoskeleton Systems in Automotive Assembly: A Malaysian Case Study.” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 4, 14 Feb. 2024, e26183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26183.
Challenges and Future of Wearable Tech
Challenges:
- Cost: Exoskeletons can be expensive (e.g., medical exoskeletons cost $50,000–$100,000).
- Comfort: Devices must be lightweight and ergonomic.
- Battery Life: Limited power duration for powered devices.
- Accessibility: Ensuring affordability and availability for all.
Future Trends:
- Integration with AI for smarter, adaptive assistance.
- Lighter, more flexible materials (e.g., soft exosuits).
- Wider adoption in healthcare, sports, and consumer markets.
- Potential for brain-computer interfaces to control exoskeletons directly.
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